Natural Induced Resistance in Barley and Wheat Using Palestinian Endogenous Plant Extracts Against Loose Smut (Ustilago nuda and Ustilago tritici) Disease.

Abstract

Many plant diseases attack Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). They are considered as the most produced crops world wild. Loose smut Ustilago tritici Pers. on wheat and Ustilago nuda Jens. Rostr. On barley are very common in the West Bank, Palestine. Fungicides are commonly used in controlling loose smut disease, but searching for an alternative and safe methods are conducted in order to innovate new techniques contributing toward sustainable agriculture production and food security. In this study different Palestinian plant extracts were tested against the fungi Ustilago sp.. Moreover, they were tested for their potentiality in inducing resistance pathways on four different cultivars of wheat and barley. Measuring two common enzymes indicator such as guaiacol Peroxidase (POX) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) expressed in plants after being induced physically or chemically. In vitro antifungal activity of the plant extracts on the fungal growth was carried out. XVIII Results showed that 70% of the plant extracts have antifungal activity against Ustilago sp.. Coridothyme extracts was ranked first with 61% growth inhibition among all. Results also revealed that some plant extracts have significantly increased the impact on POX and/ or PPO compared to the control among all wheat and barley cultivars tested. Oregano, Clove or Lavender and Pomegranate, Achillce or Cammomile oil have effective induction for resistance indicator enzymes in wheat and barley, respectively. This study, investigated the role of endogenous Palestinian plant extracts in inducing wheat and barley resistance systems against loose smut disease. In-order to alternate chemical control with fungicides